Josip Runjanin

Josip Runjanin (8 December 1821 – 20 January 1878), born Josif Runjanin (Serbian Cyrillic: Јосиф Руњанин), was an Austrian career military officer, politician and composer of Serb origin best known for composing the melody of the Croatian national anthem, Lijepa naša domovino ("Our Beautiful Homeland"), in 1846. Runjanin received his education in Vinkovci and later in Sremski Karlovci. As a young man, he served in the Imperial Austrian Army as a cadet in the town of Glina, along the Military Frontier with the Ottoman Empire. While serving in Glina, Runjanin attained the rank of captain and became proficient in playing the piano. He is known to have composed only a handful of works, most famously the musical accompaniment to Antun Mihanović's patriotic poem Horvatska domovina ("Croatian Homeland"). The piece, under the title Lijepa naša domovino, was selected by popular acclaim as the anthem of the Croatian people at an economic exhibition in Zagreb in 1891. One of its stanzas was eventually integrated into the national anthem of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the piece later served as the national anthem of several Croatian polities, including that of modern-day Croatia. A veteran of the Second and Third Italian War of Independence, Runjanin ultimately attained the rank of colonel, and served for two years in the Croatian Parliament beginning in 1865. Following his retirement from military service in 1876, he relocated to Novi Sad, where he died, penniless, two years later at the age of 56. Several schools in Croatia bear his name, including the Elementary Music School of Josip Runjanin in Vinkovci. Runjanin was born in the town of Vinkovci, in what was then the Austrian Empire, on 8 December 1821 to Ignjatije and Sofija Runjanin. He was an ethnic Serb, and was baptized in the Eastern Orthodox Church of Pentecost in Vinkovci on 12 December [O.S. 30 November] 1821. Runjanin's baptismal record documents his given name as Josif, the Serb variant of Joseph. His name is often incorrectly spelled Josip, the Croat variant of the name. Runjanin's family traced its origins to the village of Runjani, near Loznica, before fleeing to the Austrian Empire to escape the Ottomans. His father was a military engineer, and his grandfather was an Eastern Orthodox priest serving parishes in Kuzmin and Šid. Runjanin completed most of his primary and secondary education in Vinkovci. In 1837, he relocated to Sremski Karlovci to complete his fifth and final year of secondary school. He was a diligent student and excelled academically. He entered the Imperial Austrian Army on 26 December 1838, as a recruit of the Third Border Infantry Regiment in Ogulin, on the Military Frontier with the Ottoman Empire. Runjanin's relocation to Ogulin appears to have been motivated by his desire to join his father, who was then serving as an officer in the regiment. On 1 August 1839, the young Runjanin was promoted to the rank of regimental cadet, and on 1 May 1840, he was transferred to the Tenth Border Infantry Regiment in Glina; his brothers, Petar and Stefan, were also cadets. Runjanin's father was transferred to Glina around the same time, and the scholar Igor Mrkalj speculates that he had taken his son with him. In Glina, Runjanin's father became active in the Glina Illyrian Circle, a local branch of the Pan-Slavic cultural organization Matica ilirska, alongside the famed military commander Josip Jelačić, the poets Petar Preradović, Ivan Trnski and Ognjeslav Utješenović, and the cleric Josip Marić [hr]. The next two years proved to be a very turbulent period in Runjanin's life. His mother died on 22 November 1847, and the following year, he was mobilized to help quell the Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, serving with distinction. On 16 January 1848, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant; on 1 May, to first lieutenant; and on 16 September, senior lieutenant. On 1 September 1849, he was promoted to captain, second class, and on 8 April 1857, to captain, first class. Two years later, he was mobilized to fight for Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence. On 21 July 1861, a certain "Captain Runjanin" organized a torch-light procession through the town of Topusko to commemorate the visit of the Serbian linguistic reformer Vuk Karadžić. The event caused great consternation amongst local Habsburg officials, who regarded it as an act of subversion, and led to several of the officers who organized the event either being transferred or having their pay docked. It is unclear whether Runjanin was the "Captain Runjanin" in question. In 1864, at the age of 43, Runjanin married Otilija Peraković, the daughter of retired captain Toma Peraković. On 27 May 1865, he was one of four representatives of the First Banate Regiment elected to the Croatian Parliament. Although none of the four are known to have delivered speeches in the legislature, they did cast votes on at least one occasion. Runjanin was promoted to the rank of major on 24 April 1866, and shortly thereafter, he was mobilized to take part in another military conflict in Italy, which would come to be known as the Third Italian War of Independence. His parliamentary mandate ended after the Parliament was dissolved in 1867. The following year, Runjanin's wife gave birth to a daughter named Wilhelmina. On 16 July 1868, Runjanin was transferred to the Ninth Border Infantry Regiment in Sremska Mitrovica. Shortly thereafter, his wife fell ill and relocated to Graz to recover and be closer to her parents, taking their daughter with her. On 10 September 1870, Runjanin was transferred once again, this time to the 68th Infantry Regiment in Carlsburg. He served there until 26 April 1871, when he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and transferred to the 31st Infantry Regiment in Hermannstadt (modern-day Sibiu, Romania). On 1 November 1872, he requested a transfer and a leave of absence. After a year-long absence, he was transferred to the 16th Infantry Regiment in Bjelovar on 1 November 1873. On 20 April 1875, he was appointed reserve commander, and went into retirement the following year, on 1 April 1876. Over the course of his career, he had received the Military Long Service Crosses for Officers (1st Class) and the War Medal 1873. Runjanin's father died on 10 November 1876, and he subsequently settled in Novi Sad, dying there of dropsy on 20 January 1878. Despite a generous military pension, Runjanin was impoverished at the time of his death. His funeral took place two days later at the Eastern Orthodox cemetery next to Novi Sad's Church of the Dormition, and afterwards, his belongings were sold at auction for a little over 20 florin. Runjanin belonged to the group of so-called "Illyrian composers", whom the scholars Robert A. Kann and Zdeněk V. David describe as "gifted amateurs, at best trained by the choirmaster at the local cathedral." He was not a particularly prolific composer, leaving behind only a handful of works. In 1844, he composed the melody to the song Ljubimo te naša diko ("We Love You, Our Pride"), whose lyrics had been written by Ivan Trnski in honour of Josip Jelačić. Lijepa naša domovino (instrumental) Instrumental performance of the Croatian national anthem Runjanin's most famous composition was the melody of what would become the Croatian national anthem, Lijepa naša domovino ("Our Beautiful Homeland"). He is traditionally reputed to have composed the melody in Glina, on the piano of a merchant named Petar Peleš, in 1846. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, this piano was kept at a branch of Zagreb's Croatian History Museum called the Museum of Serbs in Croatia. It is now on permanent display at the Museum of the Peasants' Revolt in Gornja Stubica. However, the fact that the piano was crafted in 1860—some fourteen years after Runjanin composed his melody—undermines the notion that it was composed using this particular instrument. The lyrics to the piece had originally been